A monolithic kernel is a kernel In computing, the kernel is the central component of most computer operating systems; it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level. The kernel's responsibilities include managing the system's resources . Usually as a basic component of an operating system, a kernel can provide the lowest-level architecture where the entire operating system is working in the kernel space A conventional operating system usually segregates virtual memory into kernel space and user space. Kernel space is strictly reserved for running the kernel, kernel extensions, and some device drivers. In contrast, user space is the memory area where all user mode applications work and this memory can be swapped out when necessary. The term and alone as supervisor mode In computer science, hierarchical protection domains, often called protection rings, are a mechanism to protect data and functionality from faults and malicious behaviour (computer security). This approach is diametrically opposite to that of capability-based security. In difference with other architectures,[1] the monolithic kernel defines alone a high-level virtual interface over computer hardware, with a set of primitives or system calls In computing, a system call is the mechanism used by an application program to request service from the operating system based on the monolithic kernel or to system servers on operating systems based on the microkernel-structure to implement all operating system services such as process In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It contains the program code and its current activity. Depending on the operating system , a process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that execute instructions concurrently management, concurrency In computer science, concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other. The computations may be executing on multiple cores in the same chip, preemptively time-shared threads on the same processor, or executed on physically separated processors. A number of, and memory management Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. In its simpler forms, this involves providing ways to allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and freeing it for reuse when no longer needed. The management of main memory is critical to the computer system itself and one or more device drivers as modules Modular programming is a software design technique that increases the extent to which software is composed from separate parts, called modules. Conceptually, modules represent a separation of concerns, and improve maintainability by enforcing logical boundaries between components. Modules are typically incorporated into the program through.
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Loadable modules
Most modern monolithic operating systems such as OpenVMS OpenVMS , previously known as VAX-11/VMS, VAX/VMS or (informally) VMS, is a high-end computer server operating system that runs on VAX, Alpha and Itanium-based families of computers. Contrary to its name, OpenVMS is not open source software. Unlike some other mainframe-oriented operating systems, OpenVMS has a GUI with quite complete graphics, Linux The Linux kernel is an operating system kernel used by the Linux family of Unix-like operating systems. It is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software, BSD Berkeley Software Distribution is a UNIX operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995, and UNIX variants such as FreeBSD FreeBSD is a free Unix-like operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution . It has been characterized as "the unknown giant among free operating systems". It is not a clone of UNIX, but works like UNIX, with UNIX-compliant internals and system APIs. FreeBSD is generally regarded as reliable and, NetBSD NetBSD is a freely available open source version of the Unix-derivative Berkeley Software Distribution computer operating system. It was the second open source BSD descendant to be formally released, after 386BSD, and continues to be actively developed. The NetBSD project is primarily focused on high quality design, stability and performance of, SunOS SunOS was a version of the Unix operating system developed by Sun Microsystems for their workstation and server computer systems. The SunOS name is usually only used to refer to versions 1.0 to 4.1.4 of SunOS. These versions were based on BSD Unix, while SunOS version 5.0 and later are based on UNIX System V Release 4, and are marketed under the, AIX AIX is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms. Originally released for the IBM 6150 RISC workstation, AIX now supports or has supported a wide variety of hardware platforms, including the IBM RS/6000 series and later IBM POWER and PowerPC-based systems, IBM System i, System/370 and MULTICS can dynamically load (and unload) executable modules at runtime. This modularity of the kernel is at the binary (image) level and is not at the kernel architecture level. Modular monolithic kernels are not to be confused with the architectural level of modularity inherent in microkernel In computer science, a microkernel is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system. These mechanisms include low-level address space management, thread management, and inter-process communication. As an operating system design approach, microkernels permit typical operating system (and derivatives sometimes marketed as hybrid kernel A hybrid kernel is a kernel architecture based on combining aspects of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures used in computer operating systems. The category is controversial due to the similarity to monolithic kernel; the term has been dismissed by some as simple marketing. The traditional kernel categories are monolithic kernels and). Practically, dynamically loading modules is simply a more flexible way of handling the kernel image at runtime — as opposed to rebooting with a different kernel image. The modules allow easy extension of the kernel's capabilities as required. Dynamically loadable modules incur a small overhead when compared to building the module into the kernel image. However in some cases loading modules dynamically (as-needed) helps to keep the amount of code running in kernel space A conventional operating system usually segregates virtual memory into kernel space and user space. Kernel space is strictly reserved for running the kernel, kernel extensions, and some device drivers. In contrast, user space is the memory area where all user mode applications work and this memory can be swapped out when necessary. The term to a minimum for example to minimize operating system footprint for embedded devices with limited hardware resources. Namely, an unloaded module need not be stored in the scarce random access memory Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random). "Random" refers to the idea that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the.
Monolithic kernel examples
- Unix-like A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification kernels
- Unix Unix is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. Today's Unix systems are split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit kernels
- BSD Berkeley Software Distribution is the UNIX operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995
- FreeBSD FreeBSD is a free Unix-like operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution . It has been characterized as "the unknown giant among free operating systems". It is not a clone of UNIX, but works like UNIX, with UNIX-compliant internals and system APIs. FreeBSD is generally regarded as reliable and
- NetBSD NetBSD is a freely available open source version of the Unix-derivative Berkeley Software Distribution computer operating system. It was the second open source BSD descendant to be formally released, after 386BSD, and continues to be actively developed. The NetBSD project is primarily focused on high quality design, stability and performance of
- OpenBSD OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution , a Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley. It was forked from NetBSD by project leader Theo de Raadt in late 1995. The project is widely known for the developers' insistence on open source code and quality documentation,
- Solaris Solaris is a Unix operating system introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1992 as the successor to SunOS and OpenSolaris OpenSolaris is an open source computer operating system based on Solaris created by Sun Microsystems, now a part of Oracle Corporation. It is also the name of the project initiated by Sun to build a developer and user community around the software
- AIX
- BSD Berkeley Software Distribution is the UNIX operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995
- DOS DOS, short for "Disk Operating System", is a shorthand term for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions 95, 98, and Millennium Edition
- DR-DOS DR-DOS is a DOS-type operating system for IBM PC-compatible personal computers, originally developed by Gary Kildall's Digital Research and derived from Digital Research's Concurrent PC DOS 6.0, which was an advanced successor of CP/M-86
- MS-DOS MS-DOS is an operating system for x86-based personal computers, which was purchased by Microsoft. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for personal computers during the 1980s up to mid 1990s. It was preceded by M-DOS (also called MIDAS), designed and copyrighted by Microsoft
- Microsoft Windows 9x Windows 9x is a generic term referring to Microsoft Windows computer operating systems based on an extended and modified Windows 95 kernel. This includes all versions of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me series (95 Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented graphical user interface-based operating system. It was released on August 24, 1995 by Microsoft, and was a significant progression from the company's previous Windows products. During development it was referred to as Windows 4.0 or by the internal codename Chicago, 98 Windows 98 is a graphical operating system by Microsoft. It is the second major release in the Windows 9x line of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on May 15, 1998 and to retail on June 25, 1998. Windows 98 is the successor to Windows 95. Like its predecessor, it is a hybrid 16-bit/32-bit monolithic product with an MS-DOS based, Windows 98SE, Me Windows Millennium Edition, or Windows Me , is a graphical operating system released on September 14, 2000 by Microsoft. Support for Windows Me ended on July 11, 2006)
- Mac OS Mac OS is the trademark-protected name for a series of graphical user interface-based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computer systems. The Macintosh user experience is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface. The original form of what Apple would later name the "Mac OS" was the kernel, up to Mac OS 8.6
- OpenVMS OpenVMS , previously known as VAX-11/VMS, VAX/VMS or (informally) VMS, is a high-end computer server operating system that runs on VAX, Alpha and Itanium-based families of computers. Contrary to its name, OpenVMS is not open source software. Unlike some other mainframe-oriented operating systems, OpenVMS has a GUI with quite complete graphics
- XTS-400 The XTS-400 is a multi-level secure computer operating system. It is multi-user and multitasking. It works in networked environments and supports Gigabit Ethernet and both IPv4 and IPv6
References
- ^ "Server-Client, or layered structure". The Design of PARAS Microkernel. http://www.gridbus.org/~raj/microkernel/chap2.pdf. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
See also
- Exokernel Exokernel is an operating system kernel developed by the MIT Parallel and Distributed Operating Systems group, and also a class of similar operating systems
- Hybrid kernel A hybrid kernel is a kernel architecture based on combining aspects of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures used in computer operating systems. The category is controversial due to the similarity to monolithic kernel; the term has been dismissed by some as simple marketing. The traditional kernel categories are monolithic kernels and
- Kernel (computer science) In computing, the kernel is the central component of most computer operating systems; it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level. The kernel's responsibilities include managing the system's resources . Usually as a basic component of an operating system, a kernel can provide the lowest-level
- Microkernel In computer science, a microkernel is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system. These mechanisms include low-level address space management, thread management, and inter-process communication. As an operating system design approach, microkernels permit typical operating system
- Nanokernel In computer science, a microkernel is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system. These mechanisms include low-level address space management, thread management, and inter-process communication. As an operating system design approach, microkernels permit typical operating system
Categories: Operating system technology | Monolithic kernels
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Australian Personal Computer
The footprint can be as small as 40MB with a bootable kernel , making WES7 ideal for devices with minimal storage space and system memory. ...
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Hi everybody Let me introduce you ksyl Ksyl is a simply educational and monolithic kernel
fajar
Mon, 08 Feb 2010 06:41:00 GM
Dalam pendekatan desain exokernel, library yang dimiliki oleh sistem operasi dapat melakukan abstraksi yang mirip dengan abstraksi yang dilakukan dalam desain . monolithic kernel. . Diposkan oleh fajar di 22:41 ...
Q. What is the difference between a Monolithic kernel and a Hybrid kernel? Which one is more efficient?
Asked by Jeux Nouvelles - Sat May 17 18:12:23 2008 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
